The Real Truth of Poultry Genetically Modified Meat - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 702 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/28 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: GMO Essay Truth Essay Did you like this example? People do not realize the true dangers they face in their own homes. Consumers idealize this safe place but, in reality, we are far from being safe. Food is something you wouldnt think to fear; many consumers tend to believe that they are buying natural products but in reality, they are actually consuming modified foods. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Real Truth of Poultry Genetically Modified Meat" essay for you Create order People are brainwashed to believe that the origin from their products is reliable. The food industry has genetically modified meat and this has affected the health of people all around the country. The USDA has taken actions in helping prevent the spread of bacteria such as E-coli and Salmonella. The company passed regulations to help secure the safety of the meat and poultry products. HAACP has been required that each plant in the country is to regularly test all meat products for E.coli and Salmonella before distribution. With this action in place, the government expected the rate of bacteria to decline from the meat growth. The government created a method called the Meat Inspection Act, due to many cases. This required many factories to clean up and require strict regulations for washing and decrease amounts of exposure. This method was to help lower the bacteria on the meat. Slaughterhouses, where required to meet the needs, if not they, would be forcefully required to shut dow n. Labs have been conducted to determine the dangerous effects that this bacteria can create. Consumers do not fully understand the background towards the multiple foodborne illnesses that have been expanding over the past century. This result is due to the meat distributors lack of ignorance. According to the Journal of food and safety, Beef is a chemical composition that is 70-73% water,20-25% proteins and 4.8 lipids,(pg 548 Journal of Food Safety). This helps the consumer understand that our own food products are mainly consumed of concentrated gasses that we are not fully aware of. Since these results distributors have been required to carry out proper hygiene practices due to its lack of unsanitary procedures. This is mainly referred to the current slaughterhouses that fully control the being of the consumers meat. Unsanitary exposure has been the result of many crucial bacteria. For example, E.coli. is such a harmful bacteria that can kill you sl owly in the time span of 12 days as fast. According to Patricia During 1990-1999, 26.2% were children younger than 10 years old died,( pg141. Prevalence of some bacteria). This helps the reader understand on the level of seriousness consumers are facing. Many families have lost loved ones due to this factor. To this day consumers are still affected by this in many harmful ways. Biotechnology has also been chemically used to eliminate the bacteria from the products. Many industries are producing genetically engineered meat into the consumers world. This product is unsanitary and is the cause of many foodborne illnesses today. Genetically modified meat is very dangerous, as when consumed it has triggered an allergic reaction to the organs and cause the body to disrupt from the inside. Factories are manufacturing meat but do not realize the unhealthy damage they are releasing into the world. Communities have taken action in helping push government requirements for food safety all around the world in hope that the rate of deaths will decrease someday. As in the article the committee considered the potential food safety raised by biotechnology(pg4 The Nations health) Although Genetically modified poultry may be harmful to you, it can benefit a person in many other ways. Food will never be scared for the industries have used herbicides and pesticides to help the product grow fast. This benefits the consumer by bringing the product in a shorter period of time. Genetically modified food is dangerous in many ways to our health. Consumers so take a stand-in deciding what is best for their families. We rely on the food industry to protect and help us, but the reality is sealed. Its sealed from the truth. As young as kids we are taught to eat and ingest foods that we think are okay but the truth is a whole other story. Its time we stop hiding in the shadows and take a stand for the families put them and our country.

Teaching For The Future Of Education Essay - 1959 Words

Cam Parvin Mrs. Boyce Adv. Comp. 18 October 2016 Teaching for the Future A person s future accomplishments are largely dependent on the education they receive during their childhood, teenage years, and early adulthood. In the U.S., however, college students and adults alike are falling behind globally, and the source of the problem is education. American students are receiving poor educations due to problems within the country s education system, leaving them unprepared for the adult world. Of all the issues with the American education system, the five largest ones are most harmful to students learning experience. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, though originally intended to help students by enforcing rigorous standards and regularly evaluating their progress, has only made it more difficult for them to comprehend what they are learning. Another piece of legislation, The Common Core State Standards Initiative, was also adopted with students best interests in mind, but has allowed schools to provide substandard education tha t fails to give complete information and stifles the creativity of both students and their teachers. These teachers also have the potential to be a large problem, as unqualified, out-of-field, and in-training educators are hired to reduce costs for the schools they work in. Reducing costs, however, still leaves schools unable to improve their outdated buildings, many of which are falling apart due to age or lack modern computers, creating anShow MoreRelatedMaria Montessori ( 1870-1952 )1081 Words   |  5 Pagesown work for close to a decade. Montessori’s teachings are centred around the child, with an understanding that the child has an absorbent mind and opportunities should be made available to the child and they will take responsibility for their individual learning. 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Among the adolescent populations, more than 4 out of 5 pregnancies were reported as unintended (Finer, 2010). The high percentage of unintended pregnancies in adolescent females involve improper maintenance or lack of education. Approximately half of unintended pregnancies are due to contraceptive failure, largelyRead MoreHistorical Foundations777 Words   |  4 Pagesplay very important and basic part of Christian religious education. In investigating historical f oundations, educators are forced to consider aspects of education which are more subject to change and various contingencies in different times and places. Through these situations, I will reflect on dealing with the challenges of educational ministries, Christians can discern lessons from the past that provide insights for current and future needs. 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Elementary teachers not only introduce their students to the basic concepts of core subjects, they also help pave the path to each student’sRead MoreTeacher Shortage Is A Difficult Time With Teacher Shortages Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pagesteachers left the profession in the school years of 2014-2015 according to the Public School Forum (Barth et al. 23). Teacher shortage is a crucial topic to keep at the forefront of discussion because it affects the quality of education that students receive and, subsequently, the future of the United States. It is crucial for the United States to enhance student performance in order for the economy and our technological industry to continue improving. One factor that causes the teacher shortage are theRead MoreProfessional Capital : Transforming Teaching1149 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book Professional Capit al: Transforming Teaching in Every School renowned educators Andy Hargreaves and Michael Fullan set out to transform the future of teaching and public education by proposing the idea and importance of investing in Professional Capital. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, capital is defined as â€Å"Relating to or being assets that add to long-term net worth.† The autho s notion of Professional Capital lies upon the integration of three kinds of capital – human, social

I Am Sam Essay Example For Students

I Am Sam Essay The 2001 film I Am Sam moves beyond the function of an entertaining movie and into the map of a societal thesis on the cultural word picture of disablement in modern-day life. Directed by Jessie Nelson ( Megan Dowdy. 2009 ). I Am Sam follows a mentally challenged male parent. on his built-in chase to recover detention of his 7 twelvemonth old girl Lucy. As a consequence. I am Sam received recognition for its aptitude and capableness to near the susceptible topic of intellectual disablements and parenting. In 2002. the Producers Guild of America awarded the manufacturers and managers of the movie with the first Stanley Kramer award for their ability to convey understanding to corporate concerns. ( Goodridge. 2002 ) . hence. the agreement of the positions articulated in this movie can be assessed to set up how the representation of Sam as a handicapped individual tantrums within societal concepts. I Am Sam show’s two distinct techniques that framework influence of perceptual experience: the medical theoretical account and the societal theoretical account. Medical Model In the medical theoretical account. social perceptual experience is found in the physiological or psychological cause of the disablement ( Darke. P. 1997 ). As a consequence. disablement is viewed as an unwellness that must be cured. Harmonizing to editors Ann Pointon and Chris Davies. in the medical theoretical account. â€Å"it is the damage that constitutes the disablement. made worse or better by the individual’s ain attitude towards it†. In the medical theoretical account. the declaration for covering with disablement is peculiar; as a whole disablement and any symptoms of abnormalcy must be cured in order to be classed ‘typical’. Although an individual’s attitude can assist or harm the state of affairs. the act of being disabled can merely be solved through bring arounding the damage ( Darke. P. 1997 ). This point of view conforms to the shared position that â€Å"people must alter to suit the norm of society. alternatively of so ciety altering to suit the diverseness of people† ( Megan Dowdy. 2009 ) . A specific scene throughout this film expresses the medical theoretical account good. Sam attempts to engage a really high-octane attorney. Rita Harrison. in order to recover detention *PLAY HUGGING RITA SCENE* . The categorization of Sam with his disablements leads to mechanical portraitures of him as a societal castaway. He is characterized in footings that reflect that he is an unwanted member of society. Whose friendly relationship or company is non needed. Before Rita makes an attempt to prosecute a friendly relationship with Sam subsequently on in the movie. at first she becomes medically cognizant of him by his disablement. After stating Sam that she will be his attorney pro bono. he passionately and excitedly pulled her in to embrace her. In rejoinder. Rita looked disgusted. Following she so wiped her hands really rapidly. demoing that to a individual of ‘normal class’ that something about Sam was soiled or sickening. Rita is merely able to near and do friends with Sam after she begins to be grateful for his kindness. In Rita’s point of position. Sam loses his grotesquery once she is able to categorise him as Sam and non by his disablement ( Megan Dowdy 2009 )   as shown in this scene *PLAY ORIGAMI BARRIER SCENE* Sam creates the origami roadblock which he sits indoors with Rita reacting by gazing at Sam through a little gap in the obstructor. with a camera angle merely supplying an extreme close up of his face from her point of position. Through her position of this scene Sam is the focal point of the full screen. This portrays an epiphany as to when Rita begins to concentrate on Sam as simply a normal human being and being able to look further than his medical disablements. .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e , .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e .postImageUrl , .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e , .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e:hover , .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e:visited , .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e:active { border:0!important; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e:active , .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf38f7a30f9b4f92360c6cb5ec52811e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Things They Carried Essay SummaryAttach toing this is the lighting of the scene. The illuming becomes warm when society allows Sam to set up relationships with people. The origami scene possesses a more intensified brightness. in comparing to when Sam foremost met Rita at her office. This shows contrast. turn outing that Sam is at his happiest when being able to discourse with people. Though the scene itself is one where Sam is genuinely disquieted the lighting addresses that when Sam has been upset in the yesteryear he has had no 1 to confide in due to corporate stereotypes of which he and his friends are good cognizant of. At one point of the movie. a medical theoretical account is farther explored when Sam and his friends carefully try to dissemble their disablements when Sam is puting up his new replying machine. Sam decides that in order to be a good male parent he must sound like he is non mentally impaired. and in the words of Brad his friend. Sam must â€Å"sound like a normal person† ( Nelson. 2001 ) alternatively of being identified by a disablement. Social Model In the societal theoretical account. social instability is embedded in the attitudes and institutional model neighbouring disablement ( Darke. P. 1997 ). In the position of the societal theoretical account. trials are formed non by the disablement itself. but the civilization and surroundings the disablement is positioned into. As a consequence. if people with disablements are powerless to medically bring around their damages so they are non automatically jobs of society. Alternatively. communicating with them determines their social rank ( Megan Dowdy. 2009 ). Unlike the medical theoretical account in the societal theoretical account there is no touchable therapy for the disablement. The cultural perceptual experience of disablement alterations as society matures or otherwise transforms. Harmonizing to editors Pointon and Davies in the societal theoretical account. â€Å"disability is therefore non a fixed status but a societal concept and unfastened to action and alte ration. One may hold an damage ( or ‘condition’ ) but in the right scene and with the right AIDSs and attitudes one may non be disabled by it† ( 1997. p. 2 ). An illustration of utilizing the societal theoretical account throughout the text is the opening scene of I Am Sam. *OPENING SUGAR PACKET SCENE* . Fundamentalss of the societal theoretical account are evidenced during a word picture of a Sam that is enabled. In the societal theoretical account Sam is non recognized by his disablement but by who he is as a human being. In the gap of the film the societal theoretical account becomes evident through Sam’s position. In the class of shootings that show merely Sam’s hands set uping sugar packages and finishing undertakings to ready Starbucks to open. the gap first introduces Sam as an effectual difficult working member of society. Merely subsequently does the camera rapid climb out and viewing audiences realize that Sam has a disablement. Supporting the societal theoretical account of this scene is the artistic constituent of sound. Jessie Nelson has intentionally opened this film with the preliminary pacing of Sam’s life. As rhythmic percussion side by side a air current instrument. the trouble-free. positive round plays the methodic manner in which Sam lives his life. At the start of the film. Sam has a programmed gait in his life ; he works during the yearss. chows at IHOP on Wednesday darks. and so has film darks with his friends ( J Nelson. 2001 ). The slow. optimistic round of the mark reflects Sam’s capableness to take power over life processs and positively collaborate in society. All viewing audiences throughout that scene are non prejudice about a disablement nevertheless the 2nd the camera is drawn off ; viewing audiences make premises and experience otherwise about Sam when recognizing he is impaired. Towards the terminal of the film it becomes evident that Lucy will be no better looked after by anyone other than Sam. .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 , .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 .postImageUrl , .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 , .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2:hover , .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2:visited , .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2:active { border:0!important; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2:active , .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2 .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4951dc73e42fd6a38b2fcdbca1f11c2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Contraceptives EssayWhen being interrogated and asked what it is Sam can give Lucy by the resistance in tribunal. Lucy merely replies â€Å"All I need is Love†Ã‚   stressing the fact that disablement should be no barrier between love and fondness. as everyone including Lucy’s possible adoptive female parent shortly comes to happen out. *PLAY APOLOGY SCENE* this scene absolutely triumphs the concluding message of the film that both societal and medical perceptual experiences can non predominate over love. Love in this movie brings everyone together turn outing that get the better ofing stereotyped boundaries in respects to mental disablements helps make a decr ease in bias behavior and debasement. This movie has really successfully raised consciousness. and surely given insight as to how people with a mental disablement are no different to people perceived as ‘normal’. Sam is able to keep onto a paying occupation. construct friendly relationships and live on his ain without attention as shown through all film scenes viewed today. Peoples with a intellectual disablement have the tools to populate a normal life nevertheless are frequently non given the opportunity. As stated antecedently in today’s civilization there is perceptual experience that people must alter to suit the norm of society alternatively of society altering to suit the diverseness of people. and this movie creates nil less than a perfect attack to alter that sentiment.

Appendicitis Has Been Disinvited free essay sample

Appendixes are known for causing trouble. While these tube-shaped sacs are usually harmless, an infected appendix can disrupt an otherwise functioning system and if ignored for too long, take a life. Mental illnesses such as depression can be dangerous as well, often going untreated for months, years, or even lifetimes. Failing to acknowledge the significance of this condition will only make matters worse. Ignorance isn’t bliss in the case of a burst appendix, or when it comes to the mental health of those we care about. With rates of depression at an all-time high, it’s imperative that we check in on our loved ones on a consistent basis. Appendicitis is often characterized by intense cramping in the right side of the abdomen. While pain isn’t typically ignored, patients will often attribute their cramps to a stomach flu or not eating enough. When my 12-year-old sister began to show signs of emotional distress a few years ago, I tried to rationalize. We will write a custom essay sample on Appendicitis Has Been Disinvited or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Maybe she’s not getting enough sleep,† I argued. â€Å"She’ll be fine in a day or two.† But as days turned into weeks, Lauren continued to spiral downwards; her friends came by less often, and her grades began to take an unsatisfactory turn. Cramps aren’t always merely cramps. Some problems don’t fix themselves. Slowly but surely, others began to notice Lauren’s decline. One night at the dining table, my parents decided to intervene. Like a doctor about to give the â€Å"you have appendicitis† speech, my dad shot a glance at my mom and mustered the courage to speak. â€Å"So we noticed that you’ve been†¦ scratching yourself.† Obviously â€Å"scratching† was a euphemism– deliberate phrasing for self-harm, intended to take all the awkward and taboo and scary out of the situation. I sat in conflicted silence as my sister brushed them off, as if to say, â€Å"No, doctor, I won’t be needing that surgery. My appendix just needs some time to recover.† I can’t be sure whether my parents believed her dismissive response. But the nightly dinner table discussions that followed gave no mention to the â€Å"scratching† or the depression that persisted. My sister’s mental state continued to deteriorate over the next few months. Her self-harming persisted, as did my denial. While I understood the severity of Lauren’s circumstances, I was afraid that confrontation would drive my sister away. My parents avoided the issue as well, still feeling bruised from their failed intervention at our dinner table. Looking back, I realize that we had prioritized my family’s comfort over Lauren’s mental stability and safety. When appendicitis isn’t properly dealt with, the sac becomes so inflamed that it bursts, inflicting enough damage to threaten someone’s life. In spite of the many signs, I failed to anticipate my sister’s impending rupture. Our family was heading to a dinner party one night; Lauren wanted to stay home. â€Å"Are you leaving too?† The question seemed heavy, as if she were forcibly weighing it down. I ignored the desperation in her voice and left, thinking surely that night wouldn’t be any different from the others. She’d managed for this long, right? What would one more night do? But there was a burst. â€Å"I’m gonna need you to set the knife on the kitchen counter. Can you do that for me?† My father’s voice was steady and flat, as if he’d been temporarily possessed by Siri. But Siri couldn’t have talked my sister out of attempting suicide that night. I sat in the backseat of our worn-down Honda Civic with my heart pounding and hands shaking. â€Å"If only I’d stayed at home,† I thought. But deep down I knew that my being there wouldn’t have changed anything; we should have addressed Lauren’s depression before the damage had been done. While the bursting of an appendix can be deadly, some patients can still recover. The police escorted Lauren to a mental institution; she eventually made a full recovery. Unfortunately, this can’t be said of everyone who suffers from a mental illness. Many people fail to check in on their loved ones due to the awkwardness it may entail. Others think that the emotional state of someone else isn’t their business, and should be left alone. While privacy should certainly be respected, addressing a concern doesn’t have to be intrusive. Sometimes even a â€Å"how have you been doing† is enough to make a difference. Appendicitis itself doesnt cause fatalities; the removal of an appendix is a fairly simple surgery if done before a rupture has occurred. Had my family confronted Lauren and sought professional help when she first showed signs of distress, her depression could have been better managed. We need to change the way that depression is viewed by both individuals and society; staying silent only leads to a deadlier burst. I feel that we owe it to those who are suffering to put forth our best efforts, and address this problem before it explodes.

Out of the Dust Poetry Terms Flashcard

Out of the Dust Poetry Terms

Vaccination Vs. The Anti-Vaccination Movement Professor Ramos Blog

Vaccination Vs. The Anti-Vaccination Movement https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1OGTUVOkamHCp7UrG7sgZCj-v4p9vXmYO0NQh3NF4v0g/edit?usp=sharing

Ethical Marketing and Tobacco Advertising Essay

Ethical Marketing and Tobacco Advertising - Essay Example Because of their powerful role in the society, governments and the legislatures of different nations and states impose rules and regulations to ensure that such power is not used wrongfully. Moroever, there is a growing demand on businesses to maintain higher ethical standards in all of their practises (Lantos 2001). The tobacco industry provides a classic setting to study the ethicality of marketing practices in general (Sundaram & Mitra 2007). This is especially that it is believed that â€Å"the cigarette is the only legally available product in the United States that when used as directed, will kill the user and injure others (Snell 2005). The future of the tobacco industry depends on maintaining current users and recruiting new users to replace older smokers who quit or die from tobacco-related diseases (Kreslake, et al,2008, p.1685). As such, every day in the United States, the tobacco industry spends almost $42 million on advertisements and promotions, and between 2002 and 2003 the industry increased its spending by $2.7 billion (Facts A La Carte 2007). The usual way of the government to effectively reduce the use of tobacco products is to ban smoking in restaurants and impose higher taxes on tobacco products (Doohee et al 2004). This paper will explain the basic ethics in marketing based on the related literature gathered and the current marketing strategies of the tobacco industry and a brief evaluation on the two sides of their ideas. For George Brenkert (2008), marketing a product is not about obtaining profit. For him marketing is a moral activity embodying central ethical values and principles. Marketers are expected to have limited but positive sympathies toward others (Robin and Reidenbach 1993). In Brenkert’s book Marketing Ethics, he addressed in a clear and pragmatic manner the ethical questions, misunderstandings, and challenges that marketing raises. He tried to confront standard marketing views and offered

Philosophy- The Problem of Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy- The Problem of Evil - Essay Example Evil can be defined as anything which is morally wrong, inhuman, or brings destruction to life and liberty. The idea of evil can be applied to thoughts, actions, persons or even objects. There is an accepted relationship between good and evil that one can not exist without the other and often both are objective viewpoints and faces of the same coin. At the surface, it is a simple concept which even children will understand that evil is representative of actions and deeds which hurt other people but in theological terms it is often seen a problem that requires explanations (Surin, 2004). I believe in the position forwarded by Nash (1994), who suggests that being certain of God’s existence is not central to the understanding of why evil exists or prevails. In the fourth chapter of his book, he outlines the idea of freewill and how the existence of human beings gives them the power to perform their actions as they choose. While God allows evil to occur, God does not condone it and the concept of justice is as attached to the idea of evil as the theme of reward is connected with the idea of moral behavior. Rene Descartes was a famous French philosopher who took a different approach to define the problem of evil. He has been called the father of modern philosophy because of his thoughts on reason and the existence of the self. His primal work on the concept of evil is considered to be Meditations on First Philosophy which is fundamentally a search for the truth. In Meditations, Descartes seeks out facts which a person can arrive at without any doubt. Like a skeptic, he considers everything and doubts everything which can be doubted even his own senses as if he is being fooled by a dream created by a supremely powerful evil entity. While dreaming is not explored in his works, the concept of an evil entity is examined in some detail. He considers deception to be the embodiment of evil because evil functioning as

Railway Development in Hong Kong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Railway Development in Hong Kong - Essay Example As the essay declares Hong Kong is a unique urban area with exceedingly high densities and strong commercial core. It cannot rely on automobiles to the same extent as other cities. Thus Hong Kong is the most favorable environment in the world for urban rail. The key to keeping Hong Kong moving will be to provide mobility alternatives that can make extensive automobile use unnecessary. This paper stresses that railways play a central role in the new transport strategy as they serve as efficient and environmentally friendly mass carriers. The location of employment centres within walking distance of rail stations ensures the usage of railways making the reliance on road-based transport minimal. The Government’s policy is to accord priority to railways so that they will form the backbone of a balanced transport system for Hong Kong. The other reasons put forward to the Provisional Legislative Council to request funding for the development of railway infrastructure are the population increase by 8.2 million in 2016, the need to access new areas, the need to redefine cross-boundary passenger and freight rail services. All the reasons can be summed up into one: the rapid changes in the Hong Kong environment in the last three years with the fundamental change being the reverting of Hong Kong to China in 1997. These changes urged the Government to formulate the fir st Railway Development Strategy in 1994.

Increasing Visual Comfort with Blue Light in Video

Increasing Visual Comfort with Blue Light in Video Adjusting the blue light of the video to increase the visual comfort belong to the changed of light environment Abstract: This paper is an approached method adjusting the blue light of the video to reduce the eye strainwhen people watching video on digital devices such as computer display, smartphone screen or tablet in different luminance of the environments light. The method is using the light sensor getting the luminance values of the light, then sending these values immediately to our program to process the frame of the video. The videos frames will be processed based on lightings values and given the new videos frames which are reduced the brightness light. The video with reduced the brightness and blue light will increase the visual comfort to the human eyes when people watch the video in different light environments from brightness to darkness. Keywords: blue light, eye strain, lighting environment, video, visual comfort. 1. Introduction In recently years, digital devices are very popular in the world because they are very useful in the humans life. The digital display of devices is produced from a variety of technology called light emitting diodes (LED). From this technology, the digital display exposes to blue light that is a primary factor causing the eye strain and visual discomfort. Some electronic device displays such as computer screen, laptop, smartphone device or TV emit a lot of the brightness light contained the blue lights which bring to people the eye symptoms. As we know that, the blue light has a short wavelength in the area of the visible light spectrum. The blue lights wavelength has a range from 380nm (nanometer) to 500 nm; it is one of the shortest and highest energy wavelengths. The sources of blue light include the sun, computer display, smartphone screen, television, fluorescent and LED lighting. The eye strain is asthenopia in the medical term. When people concentrate their eyes on the digital display overtime, they will get the symptoms of ocular as fatigue, tired eyes, blurred vision, headache, neck pain and dry eyes. In the report of the vision council, there is 44% activity associated with the digital device used for work and 43 % for recreational reading. Besides, nearly 30% of the adults spend more than half of waking hours (> 9 hours) using a digital device. By using the most commonly digital devices as computer, smartphone, tablets, television,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the symptoms of digital eye strain are 32,8%, that is the highest symptom. When doing the jobs or watching video on the computer more than two hours, people will get stress or some other symptoms. The reason is that some frames of the video have many brightness lights that will expose the blue lights to make people feel uncomfortable. In addition, if the people watch the same movie on day or night with the glare, they will tired eyes, general fatigue, blurring or headaches. As we are known that the brightness video is normal to the eyes at day because the daylight is brightness also, but it is glaring when watching at night or in darkness environment condition. To filter or adjust the blue light, there are many ways to decrease the brightness light and increase the visual comfort such as using blue light filter applications, changing text and background color on the screen, or using the glasses. These methods have some advantages and disadvantages. In our research, we propose the system to process the color of videos frame belonging to the luminance value of the light environment. Our method is set up a system to perceive the light environment. Based on the darkness or brightness light, we will process the collected value from sensor directly to the videos frame and display on the digital display after filtering blue light on the video. From this method, the color and histogram of videos frame will be rendered immediately when the environment changed. It means that if the video is taken from another environment, it will be processed adjusting the blue light to reduce the eye strain and enhance the visual comfort in the current environment o f light when the viewer watching. 2. Related works In previous researches, there are many research papers talking about the blue light that is affected to the human eyes. From the blue light exposed website, they are talking about what is the visible light and blue light. Then, they also talk how the important of protection the humans eyes from the harmful effects of the blue light rays. Besides, this website also presents which symptoms effect to the eyes such as blurry vision, dry and irritated eyes, neck pain and difficulty focusing. They apply the rule 20-20-20: watching every 20 minutes, focus and object about 20 feets and ways for 20 seconds. They also propose some solutions to filter blue light from digital devices. Kuang-Tsu Shih[3] and his coworkers show the solution to reduce harmful blue light and optimize the spectral transmittance and minimize the color distortion in the blocking harmful blue light while preserving image color appearance. Yong-Woo Kim[1] and coworkers introduce the method to decrease the visual discomfort by reducing blue light component. They survey perceived symptom before and after watching a movie and measure the eye-blink rates of the participants, saccadic movements and near the point of convergence in his analysis effects of the blue light. Yoon-Suk Kang[2] said that the brighter video gives more discomfort than the darker video after making the comparison on stereoscopic 3D display, auto-stereoscopic 3D monitor and HDM devices. Additionally, there are some research papers about reading luminance of the light and turn on the light in the darker environment or turned off it in bright. In the tutorials point, they introduce about the histogram of an image and help to know which image is dark or bright from the histogram. From the histogram equalization article, Robert Krutsch and David Tenorio[4] said that which histogram covers all the possible values in the grayscale used is a good histogram. It means that the histogram will be a good contrast and details in the image will be observed more easily. 3. Theory Information 3.1. Blue light and visual comfort Visual comfort is a metric that is used to rate the lighting senses. In the recently years, several people make the research about the visual comfort and the relation from the lighting environment to the visual comfort. According to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), the standards on lighting environment with many parameters as relevant for visual comfort including color rendering index and correlated color temperature. Therefore, there is some research papers are considered on surfaces brightness and color, light distribution and appearance of light and luminaires. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR) system that is developed by CIE in 1995 to evaluate the visual comfort glare by lighting sources as follow: Where: Lb is the background luminance(cd/m2), Li is the luminance (cd/m2), Pi is the position of each luminance. From the CIE, the higher UGR value suggests the higher visual discomfort glare. Besides, the researchers consider that luminance arrangement, LED lights quantity and lighting source surface distribution can be the factor causing discomfort. They said that if the number of LED increases then the glare is decreased. In many case studies research, people recognize that the color affects to the visual comfort in the mood and performance. As we known, the visible light has a wavelength from 400nm to 700nm (nanometer). It is visible for the human eye and responsible for the sense of the sight. In this range, the longer wavelengths are a red light and the shorter wavelengths are blue light. The blue light has a wavelength spectrum of between approximately 380nm and 500nm. It is one of the shortest and highest energies of wavelength. Fig. 1. Light spectrum with visible light (400-700 nm) and blue light (380-500 nm) Where is the blue light? And, what effect of the blue light to the human life? The blue light actually exists anywhere. It is stored in the light of the sun and traveled through the atmosphere. Furthermore, the blue light is exposed from the digital devices such as PC monitor, smartphone screens, TVs, laptops, tablet displays, fluorescent and LED light. Today, the LED display is very popular. It is used the LED back-light technology to enhance the brightness of the screen and clarity. Unfortunately, the LED has the very height energy of the wavelength or blue light. Because of the development of PC, smartphone,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the digital devices with this technology are used on them. Therefore, people will watch the blue light too much. Besides of some benefits of blue light as boot alertness, help memory and cognitive function and evaluate moods, if people get the blue light emitted from the digital devices, they will get stress and eye strain. There are many kinds of eye strain as blurry vision, dry and irritated eyes, difficulty focusing, headaches, back pain,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ They also increase the risk of depression, permanent eye damage or loss vision. There are the research from Harvard said that if people work the night shift and exposure to the blue light to get several types of cancer diabetes, heart disease or increased risk of depression. 3.2. Hardware circuit and Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor In our research, the hardware used to process and transfer luminance of lighting environment is Arduino circuit board. Arduino is an important circuit board that communicates with the computer and other electric devices via USB port. It also gets output data from electric devices and sends to the computer to process. Arduino is very famous microcontroller board with many categories. Arduino Uno is used in our research based on the ATmega328. The board has 14 digital output pins including 06 digital pins used as PWM output. It has the operating voltage of 5V and limitation of the input voltage from 6V to 20V. Additional, DC current of each I/O pin is 20mA. Flash memory has a capacity 32KB. Arduino read inputs from a sensor, finger on the button, data from USB or a Twitter message, then turn it into an output as activating motors, turning on a LED or publishing something online. There are a lot of projects in many fields and worldwide community of makers using the board to set up their projects. To do something, you can tell what you want to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. Arduino is changing to adapt to new need and challenges with simple 8-bits boards to products for Internet of Things (IoT), wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. Fig. 2. Arduino board (left),LDR sensor (center) and characteristic of LDR sensor schema (right) LDR sensor is a light sensitive device. It is made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance. It operates based on the resistance. If its resistance is very high, the LDR is kept in dark and brighter when its resistance decreases. When the light is incident, it takes 8 to 12 ms for the change in resistance to taking place and takes one or more seconds for the resistance to rise back again. LDR has a low cost and simple in structure. People use it as a light sensor. It is used for lamps on street or light intensity meters, etc. 3.3. Making image contrast A histogram is a graph. It presents the frequency of anything that is provided in the dataset. The graph has two axes: y-axis presents the counting number of frequency and x-axis is the values of things in the dataset. In image processing, the histogram displays frequency of pixel intensity values. While x-axis is the gray of intensities, then y-axis shows the frequency of these intensities. The histogram is very useful in image processing. It can be used in medical to predict something from X-ray picture, adjusting the contrast of an image or using in thresholding, Therefore, equalization histogram is necessary to get the balance in the image. To enhance the contrast, we make the histogram equalization. After equalization, the intensity of the image is better distributed on the histogram. There are some methods to equalize the histogram such as histogram expansion, local area histogram equalization, cumulative histogram equalization, par and odd sectioning. Fig. 3. Histogram equalization 4. Algorithm and results In the previous section, the blue light is a primary to make the people getting eye strain and visual discomfort when they work on the digital display devices. The eye strain will make people get stress or some other diseases. If people work or watch image/movie long time on the computer or digital devices at the night, the eye strain and discomfort will be increased more and more. This is very dangerous to the human eyes and their mental. With the blue light exposed from the PC monitor, people work on the screen of the computer or the laptop will increase the stress or eye strain. Especially, it will be increased more and more visual discomfort if people watch image or video at the night. At that time, the light of environment is too dark, and the video may have much lights of the blue color. So, reducing the eye strain and increasing visual comfort that synonym to reduce the blue light on each frame of the video is very necessary in this case. The problem is how to reduce it? From our research, we propose the solution to help people reduce the eye strain when they watch the video in the darkness environment of light. Our solution is a system with two parts including electric devices and image processing program. Our systems structure is described in the following figure: Fig. 4. The structure of reducing blue light and increasing visual comfort system. In the process, if we have the video that is captured from brightness environments. As we known that, the brighter frames of the video caused more visual discomfort than darker video. So, when we watch the brighter video in the dark lighting environment, we will get more visual discomfort. How to know which is the brighter or darker lighting environment? We use the LDR sensor. LDR sensor with the resistor to get the intensity of the environment and Arduino board collects the values of LDR. On the other hand, we get the information from the input video (videos frames) via histogram. We process every pixel from the input video (videos frames) with the value collected by Arduino. In the next, we are mapping the pixels color after processed into (255,255,255). Then, we make the equalization histogram for the image to enhance the contrast. Finally, the new output video (videos frames) is rendered and reduced blue light in the new environment. In generally, our algorithm is presented as following: Read luminance value of current environment by LDR sensor (E). Calculate and send to the program value of (E). Read the desired video by sequentially frames. Calculate the value of (E) on each pixel of videos frames. Process color of the videos frames after calculating in the fourth step. Equalize histogram to enhance the contrast of the videos frames. Display new rendered video after reduced eyestrain or visual discomfort (increasing visual comfort). The LDR light sensor gets the lights luminance of the environment and process that value by using Arduino board. The computer read the video and the lightings luminance values sent from the Arduino board based on the lightings luminance values, we calculate the histogram and process above videos frames, then rerender that video suitable to the environment light. The output video is reduced the blue-light and reduces the eye strain of the viewer. Finally, the viewer will watch the video in less visual discomfort in the different lighting environments (from brightness to darkness). Based on the algorithm and processing video, we try to work on the day and night with the same video. For easy imaging, we choose an image frame of video and process on it with the luminance value from lighting environment. The result has some different images that are different to the original image. The results are depicted as follow: Original image frame Result image frame on the day Result image frame at the night in less darknessResult image frame at the night in very darkness Fig. 5. Output image frame in different values collected from light sensor For the 3D stereo images, we also process the left and right images belonging to the light values that are collected from the LDR light sensor via Arduino circuit board. In this case, re-rendered the images by calculating a color based on environment light is very important because it is strong effected to the eye. If the blue light is not reduced, the eye strain will be stronger and visual discomfort more increasing when watching 3D stereo movie. 5. Conclusion Today, the digital devices are very popular. It always exists parallel in the humans life. Therefore, watching video on the digital display devices in a long time will get stress, eye strain, and visual discomfort. Our paper has proposed the solution to the viewer when they watch the video by using light sensor-LDR. The LDR light sensor perceives the current light environment, the system processes to make an output video belonging to the environment that is reduced eye strain and visual discomfort. Our solution gives the result depending on correspondence environment brightness or darkness. References Yong-Woo Kim and Hang-Bong Kang. (2016). Analysis of blue-light effects in reducing visual discomfort from watching stereoscopic 3D video. Society for Imaging Science and Technology. Yoon-Suk Kang and Sungho Cho. (2016). Comparison of visual discomfort when viewing 3D videos with various contrast changes on a stereoscopic 3D display, an autostereoscopic display, and an HMD. Society for ImagingScience and Technology. Kuang-Tsu Shih, Jen-Shuo Liu, Frank Shyu, Su-Ling Yeh, and Homer H. Chen. (2016). Blocking Harmful Blue Light while Preserving Image Color Appearance. ACM Trans. Graph, Vol. 35, No. 6, Article 175, 10 pages. Takashi Shibata, Joohwan Kim, David M. Hoffman, Martin S. Banks. (2011). The zone of comfort: Predicting visual discomfort with stereo displays. Journal of Vision, 11(8):11, 1-29. Gordon Wetzstein, Wolfgang Heidrich1 and David Luebke. (2010). Optical Image Processing Using Light Modulation Displays. Computer Graphics Forum, vol 29, issue 6, pp. 1934-1944. Monica Sà ¤t. (2010). Colour And Light And The Human Area For Visual Comfort. Colour and Light in Architecture_First International Conference 2010_Proceedings, 285-291. Robert Krutsch and David Tenorio. (2011). Histogram Equalization. Technical Report, Microcontroller Solutions Group, Guadalajara, Rev.0. Paola Iacomussi , Michela Radis, Giuseppe Rossi, Laura Rossi. (2015). Visual Comfort with LED Lighting. The 6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC. Energy Procedia 78 ( 2015 ) 729 734. The Vision Council. (2011). Protect your eyes from Digital devices. Digital eye strain report, unpublished. Effect of blue light technology, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_blue_lights_technology. Eye Strain, http://www.medicinenet.com/eye_strain/article.htm. Arduino Tutorial,  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Calibration. Visual comfort probability, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_comfort_probability Authors Viet Tran Hoang is a PhD candidate in Global School of Media, Soongsil University, Seoul,Korea. He had received his B.S degree in Computer Science from Cantho University, Vietnam, in 2000. He hold a M.S degree in Information System Management from HAN University, Netherlands, in 2011. He is currently pursuing his PhD in Computer Graphics at Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea. His research interests include image processing, 3D real-time rendering and 3D stereoscopic rendering.

College Athletes Should be Compensated Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

College Athletes Should be Compensated    Eddie is a poor boy growing up in a bad neighborhood. He's not too much different from any other boy, except for one thing. He is the most physically gifted athlete that the world has ever seen. His father is in jail and his mother has to work two jobs. Just because there was no way to go to college and impress the pros, the world missed out on watching the greatest athlete that may have ever walked the earth. Everyday, people like Eddie are forced to drop out of school early because of financial trouble. It is also true that a large percentage of student-athlete recruits are from the low middle to lower class families. If more of these recruits had financial help from the school, they could continue their college education, instead of dropping out early. There is no way to tell how much excitement has been missed by not seeing these genuine athletes perform. There is a certain amount of dedication that goes in to college sports, and these NCAA slaves should be compensated for their work. Pay college athletes, it's the right thing to do. One problem athletes have is paying for tuition. The tuition in schools is quite expensive. For example, it costs about $5,000 dollars per semester to go to the University of Las Vegas. If athletes were paid they could pay for tuition and many other financial problems that kids face in college. They could use the money for gas, food, laundry, and clothes. This is why a lot of students drop out, because they are sick and tired of having no money. Paying the hard working athletes would give a reward to the dedicated kids that give up their lives to play for the school. Some people say that athletes can get a job in their spare time that pays well en... ... DeVenzio, Dick. "College Athletes should be paid" Opposing Viewpoints. Laura K.Egendorf. San Diego, Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1999.    Goperlud III, C. Peter. "Stipends For Collegiate Athletes: A Philosophical Spin on a Controversial Proposal" University of Kansas School of Law 5 Dec. 2002 <http://www.law.ukans.edu/jrnl/goplerud.htm>    Johns, Keith. "College athletes sell products but never see the profits" The Summer Post 8 Dec. 2002 <http://132.235.238.184/archives/072596/atoddkj.html>    Martinez, Mark. "Show Them The Money! Do what's right &emdash; give college players their due." Student.com-The College Site 3 Dec. 2002 <http://www.student.com/article/pay>    Shea, John. "What effect has big money had on college athletics?" University of Pennsylvania 8 Dec. 2002 <http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/features/1994/061694/bigmoney.html>

Reading Development Essay

As literate persons, we all know something about reading, writing, and literacy. In fact, our understanding of what literacy is varies widely. Jeanne Chall concluded in Learning to Read: the Great Debate (1983), that children get a better start in reading if they are taught phonics because they break the code that links what they hear with what they see in print. Harvard Professor Jeanne Chall has outlined the stages of reading development that begin at preschool age and continue until university age. The stages of reading development explains how students’ progress as readers. Chall’s proposed scheme for reading stages includes six stages with the purpose of understanding the path of reading development from pretend reading to advance reading. The basic philosophy is that children learn to read as a developmental process; also advocating for the use of both phonics and exposure to challenging literature as the best method of teaching young children to read. Her approach encompasses the development of decoding, comprehension, and critical evaluation. Chall considers that her proposed stages of reading development resemble Piaget’s stages of cognitive and language development (Chall 1996). Accordingly, the methodology used to implement the theory entails the following. Each reading stage has a definite structure and varies from the other stages in characteristic qualitative ways. Each stage follows a hierarchical progression. Chall believes that individuals progress through the reading stages by interacting with their environments and that this interaction affects the individual’s reading development as much as the progression of the distinct stages (Chall, 1996, p. 11). Chall’s six reading developmental stages that describe how children typically learn to read. According to Chall (1996), students proceed through predictable stages of learning to read to becoming a proficient reader. During the pre-reading stage up until about six years old, learners begin to control language. By the time the learner reach kindergarten, he should have some print knowledge and vocabularies of about 6, 000 words. Many children at this stage know how to write their names. In stage 1, the learners develop a sense of alphabetic principle and utilize new sound-spelling relationships. The learner at this stage is more likely to be given reading materials easy to understand texts and that contains simple reading texts. Through Grades 2 and 3, the learner is at the second stage where he develops decoding skills, fluency and additional strategies in reading texts. At stage 3, the learner encounter wide varieties of texts and context, and all the reading demands that accompany these experiences. They extend on background experiences and strategic habits in reading. At stage 4 to 5, though high school and college, the language and intellectual demands of reader increase. They can analyze texts critically and they construct their own individual uses of reading based on analysis and synthesis. The age and grade conditions for the different stage may vary as the child’s culture and environment plays a part in how fast they progress. Therefore, individuals progress through the reading stages at different rates. How fast they advance depends upon the interaction between individual (biological, motivational, cognitive) and environmental (home, school, community) factors. The characteristics and descriptions given for the different stages serve primarily as models, presented to covey how reading develops, and changes. There are many ways to bring about the same results in reading. For instance, there are many procedures in teaching beginning reading from letters and sound to words to stories. Yet designed to accomplish the major beginning reading task of decoding. A person’s progress through the stages is not a straight upward path. At any reading stage, the individual’s performance also depends on the difficulty of the task. If the task is new and no additional instruction is received, the reader may temporarily drop to a lower level. For example, a child who has learned to decode familiar text (Stage 2) will start â€Å"guessing† when material is too difficult. The text may contain many words that needed to be decoded, too many that are not recognized immediately, and too many unknown meanings. According to the proposed reading stages, the table below shows each stage of reading development, what the child is learning, types of activities and the materials a child will be using.

Static Electricity Essay

Static Electricity Essay Static Electricity Essay ITT-Tech | Static Electricity | [Type the document subtitle] | Jacque Lazarus | | 7/4/2012 | | Static Electricity Static electricity is the imbalance of positive and negative charge. It’s referred to as the build-up of electric charge on the surface of objects. Those objects keep a static charge until they find a way to be released or until neutralized by a discharge. Static electricity is either current or dynamic electricity, which can be delivered through wires as a power source. It is caused by a process called triboelectrification which is explained through and atomic structure. All material objects are composed of atoms. Atoms have center’ the nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, have no electrical charge. Around the atoms are negative charged electrons. Protons and neutrons do not change, but electrons can move from one atom to another. Electrons are exchanged when two objects touch causing one object to become electrically positive and the other negative. The most common cause of static electricity is the contact and immediate separation of the two materials that is friction, winding, and unwinding. Other causes of static electricity are rapid temperature drop, cutting operations (saw or paper cutting machines), irradiation with high energy (ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, strong electric field). We all have seen and/or experienced examples of static electricity in our everyday lives, such as when we get our clothes out of the dryer, get out of a vehicle, or even a doorknob. Static electricity is not good for computer components because the discharge current generates heat. That heat lead to destruction of joints contacts and break microchips. High voltage also destroys thin oxide film or the field-effect transistors and other elements that are coated. If the components are not completely out of order it’s said to be more dangerous because at some point there can be a short circuit. Computer components are vulnerable to static electricity when exposed to change a hard drive or add memory chips. Our bodies carry a build-up of

Life In New France essays

Life In New France essays The St. Lawerence was the largest river and most important river in New France. There were three cities in New France Quebec, Montreal, and Trois Riveriers. People depended on rivers and lakes for transportation. In warm weather they traveled by canoe, larger boats, or on rafts with sails. In wintertime they traveled by horse and sleigh on the frozen rivers. The French brought their customs and culture to New France and it became the way of life. All the land was owned by the king but was given to the seigneur to divide and give to the habitants. The seigneur would build a large house for him but he had to supply the habitants with church and a mill so the habitants could grind grain into flour. The habitants did not own the land but they were allowed to stay as long as they paid their dues. The people of New France had to produce their own food. The people of New France ate lots o meat from farm animals and also wild animals. They also grew trees that bare fruit. Most of their meals had milk or cheese. Their favorite foods were pies tourtiere and the wild game pie. In the early days in New France clothing was made from animal hides or from woven linen or hemp. Linen and hump came from plants that grew in New France. It was lined with leather or fur for warmth. Later on the habitants started to raise sheep. So the woman spun the wool to make clothes for them. Wool was very warm. They wore caps or bonnets on their heads. The cap was made with wool. Men wore leather breeches and leather jackets. The men and woman would ware moccasins to keep their feet warm. Children wore the same line of clothing like adults. The houses in New France usually had stone foundations. Houses in the 1600s were square-cut timbers. A cement-like substance called mortar filled spaces of the house. A house built in the ...

Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Best Practices - Essay Example Rather, learning in the hospital I work in includes the needed information on health, medical procedures, diagnostics and the like. Educational materials in this setting can be synonymous to informational materials since these are used to inform and educate the patients, doctors, and nurses alike. Educational technologies can be seen in several sectors in terms of how these are used. These sectors that I am referring to are the patients and the health care providers that include the doctors, nurses, dieticians, therapists etc. Patient education comes in various ways and in various objectives. Patients are educated on the ways to alleviate their health conditions, preventive care, and rehabilitation (Patient education, 2006). They are given instructions on how to take their medications, perform exercises and prepare the prescribed meals and the like. These may be done with the use of simple â€Å"to do† lists or with more complex set of materials that includes pictures, illustrations, and flow charts. For instructions on medications for example, depending on the complexity and number of medicines that the patient needs to take, educational materials can be as simple as chart for the schedule of intake of the medicines and the dosage. For rehabilitation and therapy education, illustrations that show how a particular exercise is done are used. These illustrations may be in the form of a printed material or a video presentation or even a live performance by the therapist or the physician. Back exercise s, for example, can be easily illustrated by the physician or therapist providing the instructions. To serve as a reminder, handouts with the illustrations of the back exercises will be given to the patient. Food guides, recipes, and measurement guides are given to patients with special diet requirements and these are in the form of printed materials, diary

Concept of Freedom in Samkhya and Yoga Philosophy Essay

Concept of Freedom in Samkhya and Yoga Philosophy - Essay Example Samkhya exists as one of the oldest and most prominent philosophies in India. Kapila, a great and eminent sage, founded this school. Two philosophical schools arose in India based on Upanishads. These included the Samkhya or realistic and the Vedanta or idealistic. The entire philosophy of Samkhya combines Yoga and Samkhya basic doctrines. However, Samkhya philosophy is representative of theory, while yoga is representative of practical or application aspects (Burley 23). The two have been characterized as practical and theoretical aspects of one system with Samkhya involving the theoretical background to Yoga’s more practical orientation. In this case, Yoga can be seen as a sub-school or branch of Samkhya because it inherits most concepts from Samkhya, although some scholars also argue that Samkhya and yoga have important conceptual and doctrinal differences (Burley 23). However, one of the concepts that the two share in common is freedom. This paper will seek to discuss the concept of freedom in Samkhya and Yoga.... While Samkhya practice has many similarities with classical yoga, samadhi is not a focus in Samkhya as far as freedom and liberation are concerned. However, both practices require asceticism for true freedom and liberation. Samkhya philosophy was essential in the formation of classical yoga and the two philosophies adopted, tested, borrowed, and discarded practices and ideas from one another until, eventually, there was a consistent model that came from each of the approaches with freedom being a central component of each (Burley 32). Samkhya has a dualism that is similar to ancient Jainism where all individuals had separate and unique jivas from other jivas, similar to the purusha in Samkhya that were also believed to be separate (Burley 35). Just like in ancient Jainism, classical yoga and Samkhya practice a form of fierce yoga that involves complete renunciation. However, renunciation by itself in Samkhya does not lead to true freedom from the grasp of Prakriti with discernment al so required. This discernment involves knowledge of the universe and its ways. However, this knowledge is not intellectual because intellect is still considered Prakriti. Discernment increases the ability to develop inner knowledge, which understands what is real and what is ephemeral, which separates the universes apparent from the true reality of the world. While discernment is achieved via reasoning, it also gives one the ability and will of renouncing what is not real, which is the beginning of freedom (Burley 35). The Upanishads from India tell of the soul, also referred to as the soul, which is, ultimately, one that has living and universal consciousness that is called Brahman or absolute. Brahman, which is the source of all that is alive, is

Com 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Com 4 - Assignment Example We hire a special class of employees who are dedicated to their work. We test dedication during probation by putting you through a number of jobs which will require you to persevere. If your probationary period goes well, you are hired! 3. Select the job you are interested in and email the job title to us at jobs@companio.com. We will send you an application form; an auto-response. Alternatively you can download the application form from the ‘Contact’ page on our website. 5. We require your CV to be attached. Make sure it is a recent one and has information regarding your recent employments, the latest educational degrees, any certifications you might be taking, hobbies and references. We will reject applications that do not have CVs with these prerequisites. Photographs are optional. 2. Once you are short-listed for the job we will send you an email. If you do not receive an email after a week it is probable that you have not been short-listed. You can still contact the HR on hr@companio.com for you

Letter of Recommendation Essay Example for Free

Letter of Recommendation Essay Letter of Recommendation To the applicant: Please fill in your name and the other required information below. In turn, deliver or email this form to the person who will write this letter. NOTE: Request your recommender to seal his or her letter of recommendation in an official envelope and sign across the back flap upon completion. Recommendation letters that are not sealed and signed will not be accepted. Confidential Name of Applicant: (given name) Shajeel(family name) Rasool Nationality: Pakistani Desired Degree Program Doctoral Desired Major: Electrical Engineering To the recommender: The person named above has applied for the ‘Korean Government Scholarship Program’. We ask for your assistance, and would appreciate your frank and candid appraisal of the applicant. * Please type or print clearly using black ink. 1. How long have you known the applicant and in what relationship? Please assess the applicants qualities in the evaluation table given below. Rate the applicant compared to other classmates who are/were in the same school year with him/her. How well do you think the applicant has thought out plans for graduate study? 5. Please comment on the applicant’s performance record, potential, or personal qualities which you believe would be helpful in considering the applicant’s application for the proposed degree program. Recommender’s Name Date Recommender’s Signature Position or Title: University (Institution): Address: Tel: Fax: (zip-code:-) Please return this form sealed in an official envelope and signed across the back to the applicant. We greatly appreciate your timeliness regarding this letter for your recommendee.

Magical Realism and Fantastic Sublime in Laura Esquivels Like Water fo

Magical Realism and Fantastic Sublime in Laura Esquivel's Like Water for Chocolate The different elements of the story Like Water for Chocolate are amazing. The feelings that go through a person upon listening, watching, and tasting events that happen during this story of the Spanish family's lives. The customs of this family were so unorthodox. This story is fantastic sublime and magical realism combined. Laura Esquivel wrote this novel in 1992. The nationality of the people in the novel was Mexican. A person can tell by the way expressions were made and the things that were done in the story. The novel has many fantastic sublime elements as well as magical realism. The elements of the story that stick out in a person's mind are the birth of Tita, the feelings of the love that Tita has in her heart for her sister's husband, Tita's cooking, the shower catching on fire, and Tita's sister riding off on a horse. Upon the birth of Tita, her mother flooded the kitchen table and floor when her water broke. The fluid had turned to salt and had to be swept up off the floor. This type of thing happening in the real world is not going to happen. The fluid turning into the salt was definitely a magical realism element. The fluid from the birth drying up like salt is similar to the sublime. The mysteries of cooking are treated in Like Water for Chocolate. The sublime seems to have a definition of being inhuman, an image that cannot be named. The magical realism has the definition of being magical and unreal. Tita's love she had for her sister's husband upon their marriage and through out the time of their marriage and lives. Tita's love never changed. It was the magical way Tita felt in her heart about the man she loved and the ... ...is really hard to distinguish the difference between the two. The hidden mysteries in the story of Like Water for Chocolate seem to never show the real meanings. The novel is interesting and keeps a person on his or her toes. The main point in the story is the boiling point that a person has inside will eventually boil over, given enough time. Emotions run high through out the story as well as the way each and everyone deal with the way the emotions come out. Works Cited Arensberg, Mary. The American Sublime. Albany: State University of New York Press, Albany 1986. Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. N.Y. Doubleday, 1992. Faris, Wendy. "Scheherazade's Children: Magical Realism and Postmodern Fiction" Magical Realism Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durkham, N.C.: Durham: Duke up, 1995: 163-190.

Comparing Hamlet by William Shakespeare and The Killings by Andre Dubus

Comparing Hamlet by William Shakespeare and The Killings by Andre Dubus Losing a loved one to tragedy, especially two most brutal and malicious tragedies as these, will torture the minds of any and all men. Terrifying thoughts, even carefully planned acts of revenge will plow themselves into your brain. It is how we react to these situations that can and will forever define that man, his life, and his actions. In these two stories, Hamlet's father and Matt Fowler's son are murdered with jealous motives of romance, ambition, betrayal and rage. Revenge captures the hearts of both characters, but in different forms. Hamlet sees his fathers ghost and is told if he ever loved his father he is to ?[revenge his foul and most unnatural murder]?. The brutal slayer of Fowler?s son is out on bail and faces minimal jail time for the life of Frank Fowler, Matt?s youngest son. Matt decides to take the law into his own hands and with the help of a friend, plans and executes the murder of Richard Strout. With the killer of his son bar-hopping around town and his wife broken apart with grief, Matt Fowler loses himself in revenge. He begins to carry an unregistered gun hoping to confront Strout and kill him in ?self-defense?. He is defeated in his professional life, losing his nerve as a hard-working bank manager, unable to look his customers in the eye without shying away in fear and grief. Finally confessing himself to a poker buddy, his murderous intentions rush out onto the table. His friend, who?s sympothy and loyalty may be excessive, agrees to help Matt take his revenge on Strout. Hamlet, instead, seeks his revenge alone. When Horatio, Marcellus, and Bernardo take Hamlet to see the ghost of his father, he follows the ghost... ...n a dish served cold. Though he found the nerve to seek his revenge, I doubt he ever stopped replaying the events of that night in his head, wondering if he did the right thing, and if the pricetag for it was going to be hell or prison. Neither Hamlet nor Fowler forgive the men who wronged them, and their lives, consumed with the idea of injustice, were ruined along with almost everyone else?s. For Fowler, the answer was easy: Kill and don?t get caught. He thought only of the best way to get away with it, forgetting his morals and judgement. I question how hard he thought if he should do it or not. His instincts told him to kill, and that is what he did. Hamlet, on the other hand, fought with himself over and over about how to appropriatly handle his revenge, and opportunity presented itself, as it always does, with time. Regretfully, he was mortally wounded.

Managing Employee Misbehaviour for Promoting Business Ethics

Managing Employee Misbehaviour for Promoting Business Ethics Workplace misbehaviour: Any intentional action by members of organizations that defies and violates Shared organizational norms and expectations, and/or Core societal values, mores and standards of proper conduct (Vardi and Wiener, 1996, p. 153). Misbehaviour in this sense is also said to be about breaching broader, yet far from clearly defined or fully shared societal norms or moral order. In industrial sociology key writers on misbehaviour – Ackroyd and Thompson (1999, p. 2) – borrow Sprouse's (1992, p. 3) definition of sabotage – â€Å"anything you do at work you are not supposed to do† – to define misbehaviour, although questions remain about how useful this definition is. Perspectives on misbehaviour Misbehaviour is also a phenomena discussed in several other academic disciplines. For instance, in gender studies, we see quite a distinct dimension of misbehaviour emerging. Misbehaviour in gender studies tends to concern males defending masculine identities in an organizational context and how masculinity is in reality a crucial, yet often hidden dimension of a broader organizational identity (Collinson and Collinson, 1989; DiTomaso, 1989; Levin, 2001). An account of men trying to preserve the dominance of a masculine identity, sponsored implicitly by senior management, is outlined in the following passage taken from ethnography of a trading floor of a large, American commodities exchange: When the working environment becomes less active, the more overtly sexualized repertoire of joking and getting along emerges. Men and women use jokes to pass time, fit in and relieve tension, but a direct result of men’s sexual banter is to facilitate group solidarity among men to the exclusion of women. Strong heterosexual joking is predicated on men being the sexual agents of jokes and women being the objects (Levin, 2001, p. 126). Further dimensions of gender-related misbehaviour include women subverting dominant masculine identities (Cockburn, 1991; Game and Pringle, 1983; Gutek, 1989; Pollert, 1981), women taking advantage of their sex appeal to get around male supervisors (Pollert, 1981) and female flight attendants feigning responses to lurid comments from male passengers (Hochschild, 2003). Further details of Gutek’s (1989) research highlights the many ways in which sexuality can be the spur for a range of misbehaviour: More common than sexual coercion from either sex are sexual jokes, use of explicit terms to describe work situations, sexual comments to co-workers, and display of sexual posters and pictures engaged in by men at work (Sex and sports, some observers claim, are the two metaphors of business. ) The use of sex can be more subtle than either hostile sexual remarks or sexual jokes. Although this tactic is often assumed to be used exclusively by women, some men, too, may feign sexual interest to gain some work-related advantage (1989, p. 63-64). Commentary on what could be interpreted to be misbehaviour is also a feature of industrial relations research. In industrial relations theorists seem to view misbehaviour as a lesser version of strike action, or action short of strike action (Bean, 1975; Blyton and Turnbull, 2004; Hyman, 1981; Nichols and Armstrong, 1976). From this perspective, misbehaviour is taken to represent the actions of unorganized employees. In effect, misbehaviour is synonymous with a widespread and increasing inability of employees to offer a coherent and organized response to management strategies (Beynon, 1984). As such, industrial relations theorists link misbehaviour to record low levels of strike activity (Hale, 2007). Moreover, some theorists believe acts such as sabotage – in the form of grievance bargaining or deliberate poor workmanship – are intimately bound up in the labour process (Zabala, 1989). Research work in Ethics: 2008 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ETHICS SURVEY in US: National Government Ethics Survey Shows Employee Misconduct is High Key Findings On all levels of government, there is a lack of programs and incentives to encourage ethical behavior, the report says †¢Six in 10 government employees saw at least one form of misconduct in the last 12 months. †¢One in 4 employees work in an environment conducive to misconduct. According to ERC, this includes strong pressure to compromise standards, a presence of situations which invite wrongdoing, and a culture where employees’ personal values conflict with their values at work. †¢Overall strength of ethical cultures is declining. †¢Almost one-third of employees do not report misconduct. More than one-third of government employees believe government does not demonstrate its values through socially responsible decision-making. Levels of Government Federal Level – The number of incidences of misconduct observed is slightly lower, but reporting is still comparatively low. Only 30 percent of federal government organizations have ethics and compliance p rograms, and only 10 percent have strong ethical cultures. State Level – Workers are most vulnerable to ethical risks as there are more reports of employees who have observed misconduct multiple times. Still 30 percent do not report misconduct to management. Local Level – Employees are the least likely to know the ethical risks since fewer resources are put in place to encourage ethical behavior. Local government organizations have the lowest levels of reporting misconduct, only 67% are reporting. â€Å"In order to encourage high ethical standards within our organizations, we first have to provide an environment that is conducive to ethical behavior,† says Sharon Allen, chairman of the board at Deloitte & Touche. However, management and leadership have a huge responsibility in setting examples for their organizations and living the values they preach if they want to sustain a culture of ethics. † The report, â€Å"2007 Deloitte & Touche USA LLP Ethics & Workplace,† is based on responses from 1,041 U. S. adult workers. Harris Interactive conducted the research in February on behalf of Deloitte & Touche. The top two factors contributing to the promotion of an ethical workplace are the behavior of management and direct supervisors, as chosen by 42% and 36% of respondents, respectively. More surprisingly, emphasis of criminal penalties doesn’t seem to do much to deter unethical behavior, nor does ethics training. There is, however, a strong relationship between ethical actions at work and a healthy level of work-life balance. In fact, 91% of those employees surveyed agreed that workers are more likely to behave ethically at the office when they have a good work-life balance. Allen explains why this may be so. â€Å"If someone invests in all of their time and energy into their jobs, it may have the unintended consequence of making them depend on their jobs for everything – including their sense of personal worth. This makes it even harder to make a good choice when faced with an ethical dilemma if they believe it will impact professional success. † Categories of Employee Misbehaviour: a. Production deviance – includes behaviors that waste time and resources. b. Property deviance – involves either theft or destruction of facility or residents’ property. c. Normative deviance – generally involves talk that hurts or belittles others. d. Personal aggression – mostly involves hitting, fighting, or sexual harassment. Common Employee Misbehaviour: Fighting Theft from the employer or colleagues Fraud or falsifying work documents Accessing and/or distributing pornographic emails or websites Deliberately damaging company property Serious bullying or harassment Bringing the employer into serious disrepute Serious infringement of health and safety rules Serious failure to follow reasonable instructions. Causes of Employee Misbehaviour: Poor Employee selection and orientation procedures Poorly defined employee expectations Poorly understood employee expectations Improperly selected and trained supervisors Incorrect philosophy of discipline Effects of Employee Misbehaviour: oInefficiency oIncreased costs oUnhealthy and unsafe work environment Employee Misbehaviour – To be Punished or leaving it ignored: Handling employee misconduct is a very critical task to be performed by the senior managers. Misconduct and other offensive behaviors often lead to decreased levels of productivity as they affect the individual performance of the employees. To manage discipline among employees, every company opts for a discipline policy which describes the approach it will follow to handle misconduct. When dealing with employee misconduct, companies must keep careful mind of the legislative and common law legal framework that governs the employment relationship. Regard must be made to relevant legislation such as the Employment Standards Act 2000, Ontario Human Rights Code, Workplace Safety and Insurance Act, Occupational Health and Safety Act (reprisal provisions) and to principles such as constructive and wrongful dismissal. To effectively manage the employment relationship and deal with potential misconduct, employers are well advised to develop and maintain reasonable rules of conduct and performance expectations. Communicate these to employees and ensure consistent application and enforcement. Provide appropriate counseling and training to your workforce. Carefully consider each incident of misconduct and the appropriate reaction. Avoid knee jerk instantaneous reactions. These only serve to increase potential employer liability. Management needs to conduct a preliminary investigation. Once the company has completed the investigation, the manager should make the employee aware of the findings. Once again, the manager can ask for the employee's side of the story. Using this evidence, management, with the help of a Human Resources representative, must decide what to do. They must decide how they should discipline the employee or whether they should fire the worker. To conclude, Very surely an action is required quickly if left unattended; misconduct will quickly demoralize the other employees too. While everyone reacts differently, even the top performers are usually going to be the first casualties of demoralization. Dealing with Employee Misbehaviour: The employer must investigate the matter fully (speak to witnesses, collect documentary evidence etc). The employer must also give the employee an opportunity to explain himself. The employee should sufficiently know what the case and evidence is against him before any hearing. Prior warning of the hearing date and that the disciplinary action is under consideration. Give the employee the opportunity to call witnesses. Inform the individual he has the right to be accompanied by a colleague (or a trade union official). Inform the employee he has the right of an appeal. Employee's rights If an employee has been with the employer for over a year they have unfair dismissal protection. Although employees have the right not to be dismissed for an unfair reason, the conduct of an employee is expressly stated to be a potentially fair reason to dismiss. Employees also have the right not to be discriminated against on the grounds of their sex, race or disability. This would include being singled out for a warning about their conduct or receiving harsher penalties than other employees would receive. Employees have the right not to be dismissed in breach of their contractual terms. For example, failure to follow a contractual procedure may result in a claim of breach of contract. Employees are entitled to be dismissed on notice (unless for gross misconduct). Failure to do so entitles the employee to claim damages for breach of contract. This type of claim is also called ‘wrongful dismissal'. Employees should be made aware, either in their contract of employment or in disciplinary procedures what are the likely consequences if they break the guidelines the company has laid down in relation to their conduct. Employers must be consistent. If other employees have previously committed the same offence but have not been dismissed it may be difficult to justify dismissal on a subsequent occasion. Certain offences are contrary to acceptable conduct that discipline is readily accepted or justified upon review regardless of whether there was any prior communication or warning to the employee. Theft Intentional destruction of company property Total refusal to perform safe work Gross or intentional endangerment of the safety of coworkers. Excessive absenteeism is another factor that can lead to termination only after a series of lesser penalties. Dismissal for misconduct to be reasonable: Even though an employer may have strong suspicions that an individual is guilty of misconduct, this may not be enough. Although an employer does not have to show an employee committed the offence â€Å"beyond all reasonable doubt†, there is a threshold that must be reached. In particular: †¢The employer must believe that the employee is responsible for the conduct in question. †¢The employer must have reasonable grounds for this belief. †¢The employer must carry out as much of an investigation into the matter as is reasonable. Charging an Employee with a criminal offence: †¢The employer does not have to wait for the outcome of police investigations or criminal trial. †¢The employer should hold its own investigation into the matter. †¢The employee's rights to have this matter investigated by his employer and to present his side of the story remain regardless of the fact that he is charged by the police. Out of office misconduct: †¢Generally, employees will only be subject to the company's disciplinary rules and procedures during their office hours or when they represent the company. †¢In certain circumstances an employee's behaviour may be subject to the employer's scrutiny if it is deemed to be likely to impact on the performance of his contract or the reputation of the employer. Out of office misconduct must be particularly serious to warrant disciplinary action and the behaviour should also relate to the employee's ability (or perceived ability) to do his job. Disciplinary action The type of disciplinary action that is taken will depend on the employer's disciplinary procedures and the circumstances surrounding the misconduct. The employer will have to follow its written guidelines regarding certain types of misconduct. If historically an employer has always been lenient on a particular matter an Employment Tribunal is likely to find the employer has acted unreasonably and unfairly dismissed an individual if it suddenly decides to invoke its disciplinary procedures in disciplining individuals without warning. Warning tiers in a disciplinary procedure †¢Usually employers will decide to issue a first warning orally. This is appropriate if it is a minor infringement that cannot be dealt with on an informal basis. The employee should be told that this is the first step in the disciplinary procedure and why he is receiving the warning. At this point he should also be informed of his right of appeal against the decision. Although oral warnings will be kept on an employee's personnel file, they should be disregarded for further disciplinary purposes after a specific period of time. †¢If an employer regards an infringement as being more serious then the employee should be given a formal written warning. Again an employee should be given details of the reason for the warning as well as what is required from the individual in the future and the allotted time scale for improvement. Employees should have a right of appeal. Employees also must be warned what penalty there will be if after the allotted time the employer does think there has been a satisfactory improvement. The written warning should also be kept on the employee's personnel file but cannot be considered for disciplinary procedures after a specific period of time. A final written warning is appropriate if there has been a failure to either improve or change conduct while the earlier warning is still ‘live'. This type of warning can also be used if there is a one-off occurrence of misconduct that is deemed by the employer to be sufficiently serious. As always the final written warning should provide details of the misconduct, warn that failure to rectify the situation may lead to dismissal or some other disciplinary ac tion which is short of dismissal (which is explained below). Again employees must be told of their right to appeal. The written warning can only remain live for a specified period of time after which point it must be disregarded, no matter how serious the misconduct. †¢Disciplinary action short of dismissal may include a transfer, demotion, loss of seniority, suspension without pay or loss of increment. An employer cannot take these sanctions unless there is a specific provision in the employee's contract. †¢If an employer decides to dismiss (either because of gross misconduct or failure to rectify behaviour following a final written warning) the employee should be informed as soon as possible of the decision, as well as the reasons for the dismissal. He should also know the date their employment will terminate and the period of notice. An employee should also be told of the fact that he has the right to appeal as well as how he can make that appeal and to whom. Employers should also confirm the decision to dismiss in writing. If an employee has at least one year's continuous service they can request a written statement of particulars of reasons for their dismissal. †¢General considerations for employers when disciplining †¢A good disciplinary procedure will enable an employer to take appropriate steps in the event of misconduct of an employee. The disciplinary procedure should be in writing Consequences of Disciplinary actions: Union Grievance Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Complaint (EEOC) Law Suits Employee Buyouts Having to Reinstate Employee Embarrassment to Leadership Leadership Looses Credibility Employees Don’t Respect the process Creating an Ethical climate in the Organization to avoid Misconduct : The ethical climate of an organization is the shared set of understandings about what is correct behavior and how ethical issues will be handled. This climate sets the tone for decision making at all levels and in all circumstances. Some of the factors that may be emphasized in different ethical climates of organizations are (Hunt, 1991; Schneider and Rentsch, 1991): * Personal self-interest * Company profit * Operating efficiency * Individual friendships * Team interests * Social responsibility * Personal morality * Rules and standard procedures * Laws and professional codes As suggested by the prior list, the ethical climate of different organizations can emphasize different things. In the Johnson & Johnson example just cited, the ethical climate supported doing the right thing due to social responsibility–regardless of the cost. In other organizations–perhaps too many–concerns for operating efficiency may outweigh social considerations when similarly difficult decisions are faced. When the ethical climate is not clear and positive, ethical dilemmas will often result in unethical behavior. In such instances, an organization's culture also can predispose its members to behave unethically. For example, recent research has found a relationship between organizations with a history of violating the law and continued illegal behavior (Baucus and Near, 1991). Thus, some organizations have a culture that reinforces illegal activity. In addition, some firms are known to selectively recruit and promote employees who have personal values consistent with illegal behavior; firms also may socialize employees to engage in illegal acts as a part of their normal job duties (Conklin, 1977; Geis, 1977). For instance, in his account of cases concerning price fixing for heavy electrical equipment, Geis noted that General Electric removed a manager who refused to discuss prices with a competitor from his job and offered his successor the position with the understanding that management believed he would behave as expected and engage in price-fixing activities (Geis, 1977, p. 24; Baucus and Near, 1991). Pressure, opportunity, and predisposition can all lead to unethical activities; however, organizations must still take a proactive stance to promote an ethical climate. The final section provides some useful suggestions available to organizations for creating a more ethical climate. PROMOTING AN ETHICAL CLIMATE: Ethical Philosop hies and Employee Behavior: Recent literature has suggested several strategies for promoting ethical behavior in organizations (Adler and Bird, 1988; Burns, 1987; Harrington, 1991; Raelin, 1987; Stead etal. , 1990). First, chief executives should encourage ethical consciousness in their organizations from the top down showing the support and care about ethical practices. Second, formal processes should be used to support and reinforce ethical behavior. For example, internal regulation may involve the use of codes of corporate ethics, and the availability of appeals processes. Finally, it is recommended that the philosophies of top managers as well as immediate supervisors focus on the institutionalization of ethical norms and practices that are incorporated into all organizational levels. The philosophies of top managers as well as immediate supervisors represent a critical organizational factor influencing the ethical behavior of employees (Stead etal. , 1990). Research over a period of more than twenty-five years clearly support the conclusion that the ethical philosophies of management have a major impact on the ethical behavior of their followers employees (Arlow and Ulrich, 1980; Baumhart, 1961; Brenner and Molander, 1977; Carroll, 1978; Hegarty and Sims, 1978, 1979; Posner and Schmidt, 1984; Touche Ross, 1988; Vitell and Festervand, 1987; Worrell etal. 1985). Nielsen (1989) has stressed the importance of managerial behavior in contributing to ethical or unethical behavior. According to Nielsen, managers behaving unethically contrary to their ethical philosophies represent a serious limit to ethical reasoning in the firm. Much of the research cited in the above paragraph implicitly and explicitly states that ethical philosophies will have little impact on employe es' ethical behavior unless they are supported by managerial behaviors that are consistent with these philosophies. Managers represent significant others in the organizational lives of employees and as such often have their behavior modeled by employees. One of the most basic of management principles states that if a certain behavior is desired, it should be reinforced. No doubt, how ethical behavior is perceived by individuals and reinforced by an organization determines the kind of ethical behavior exhibited by employees. As a result, if business leaders want to promote ethical behavior they must accept more responsibility for establishing their organization's reinforcement system. Research in ethical behavior strongly supports the conclusion that if ethical behavior is desired, the performance measurement, appraisal and reward systems must be modified to account for ethical behavior (Hegarty and Sims, 1978, 1979; Trevino, 1986; Worrell et al. , 1985). According to Nielsen (1988, p. 730): In many cases, mangers choose to do, go along with or ignore the unethical†¦ because they want to avoid the possibility of punishments (or) to gain rewards. Ethical Culture: Organizations and their managers must understand that the above recommendations are key components in the development and maintenance of an ethically-oriented organizational culture. Organizations can also enhance an ethically-oriented culture by paying particular attention to principled organizational dissent. Principled organizational dissent is an important concept linking organizational culture to ethical behavior. Principled organizational dissent is the effort by individuals in the organization to protest the status quo because of their objection on ethical grounds, to some practice or policy (Graham, 1986). Organizations committed to promoting an ethical climate should encourage principled organizational dissent instead of punishing such behavior. Organizations should also provide more ethics training to strengthen their employees' personal ethical framework. That is, organizations must devote more resources to ethics training programs to help its members clarify their ethical frameworks and practice self-discipline when making ethical decisions in difficult circumstances. What follows is a useful seven-step checklist that organizations should use to help their employees in dealing with an ethical dilemma (Schermerhorn, 1989; Otten, 1986): Helping employees in dealing with Ethical Dilemma: (1) Recognize and clarify the dilemma. (2) Get all the possible facts. (3) List your options–all of them. (4) Test each option by asking: â€Å"Is it legal? Is it right? Is it beneficial? † (5) Make your decision. (6) Double check your decision by asking: â€Å"How would I feel if my family found out about this? How would I feel if my decision was printed in the local newspaper? † (7) Take action. An effective organizational culture should encourage ethical behavior and discourage unethical behavior. Admittedly, ethical behavior may â€Å"cost† the organization. An example might be the loss of sales when a multinational firm refuses to pay a bribe to secure business in a particular country. Certainly, individuals might be reinforced for behaving unethically (particularly if they do not get caught). In a similar fashion, an organization might seem to gain from unethical actions. For example, a purchasing agent for a large corporation might be bribed to purchase all needed office supplies from a particular supplier. However, such gains are often short-term rather than long-term in nature. In the long run, an organization cannot operate if its prevailing culture and values are not congruent with those of society. This is just as true as the observation that, in the long run, an organization cannot survive unless it produces goods and services that society wants and needs. Thus an organizational culture that promotes ethical behavior is not only more compatible with prevailing cultural values, but, in fact, makes good sense. Although much remains to be learned about why ethical behavior occurs in organizations and creating and maintaining organizational cultures that encourage ethical behavior, organizations can benefit from the following suggestions: Maintaining organizational cultures that encourage ethical behavior: ** Be realistic in setting values and goals regarding employment relationships. Do not promise what the organization cannot deliver. ** Encourage input throughout the organization regarding appropriate values and practices for implementing the cultures. Choose values that represent the views of employees at all levels of the organization. * Do not automatically opt for a â€Å"strong† culture. Explore methods to provide for diversity and dissent, such as grievance or complaint mechanisms or other internal review procedures. ** Insure that a whistle-blowing and/or ethical concerns procedure is established for internal problem-solving (Harrington, 1991). ** Provide ethics training pro grams for all employees. These programs should explain the underlying ethical and legal (Drake and Drake, 1988) principles and present practical aspects of carrying our procedural guidelines. Understand that not all ethical situations are clear-cut. Like many basic business situations, the organization should recognize that there are ambiguous, grey areas where ethical tradeoffs may be necessary. More importantly, some situations have no simple solution (Cooke, 1991). ** Integrate ethical decision-making into the performance appraisal process. Responsibilities of Employers in accordance with managing the behaviour of Employees: †¢treat all employees equally; †¢give consideration to the employee's general work record including their length of service, position and whether there are any special circumstances; †¢ensure incidents are dealt with without undue delay; ensure the proceedings (including any statements from witnesses and records) be kept confidential; †¢specify what disciplinary sanctions the company may take; †¢state who has authority within the company to take each level of disciplinary action; †¢ensure employees are informed of the allegations against them as well as any relevant documenta tion before the date of any hearing; †¢ensure that employees have the right to state their case before any decision is reached; †¢allow employees to be accompanied either by a colleague or if appropriate, a trade union official; †¢ensure that the sanctions are proportionate to the misconduct; †¢ensure that allegations will be carefully investigated; †¢ensure employees are given an explanation of any sanction; and †¢Specify that there is a right to appeal as well as how and when this must be taken. Finally†¦To conclude†¦ Ethical behavior among the employees can be inculcated by adopting the following principles of ethical climate. oMake the expectations clear oTreat the people employed as if they are adults, which they are. oSpend time meeting with staff members regularly oSevere discipline procedures may back fire. oMake all policies and procedures available to all employees. oEncourage open communication between you and the people who report to you. Human beings prefer to follow their own doctrines- therefore management should be aware that difficulties may crop up and should formulate friendly implementation of policies. â€Å" No man is fit to command another that cannot command himself† – William Penn References: 1. http://www. ethicsworld. org/ethicsandemployees/nbes. php 2. http://www. michaelpage. co. uk/content. html? pageId=15676 3. Managing misconduct By Rob Eldridge of Berwin Leighton Paisner 4. http://www. employeeterminationguidebook. com/ 5. http://www. lbwlawyers. com/publications/employeemisconduct. php 6. http://www. slideshare. net/meetsantanudas/managing-employee-discipline 7. http://www. fsa. usda. gov/FSA/hrdapp? area=home=mgrs=dem 8. http://www. employeemisconduct. com/ 9. Edward J. Tully December 1997 Misconduct, Corruption, Abuse of Power– What Can the Chief Do? 10. http://www. streetdirectory. com/travel_guide/20341/corporate_matters/how_employee_misconduct_affects_all_worker_productivity. html 11. Belt Tightening Tactics Linked to Increases in Employee Misconduct April 27, 2010 by Amy Coates Madsen 12. http://standardsforexcellenceinstitute. wordpress. com/page/2/ 13. W. Edward Stead, Dan L. Worrell and Jean Garner Stead An integrative model for understanding and managing ethical behavior in business organizations Journal of Business Ethics Volume 9, Number 3, 233-242 14. Ethical behavior starts at the top By Amy Schurr, Network World April 24, 2007 12:05 AM ET